Conjoined twinning is one of the most fascinating human malformations and has also been reported in other animals—mammals, fishes, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.Treating conjoined twins can be a daunting challenge for the surgeon. Furthermore, these cases often raise religious,moral, ethical, and legal issues.
Approximately 75% of conjoined twins are female, and 70% are fused at the thorax (thoracopagus) or abdomen (omphalopagus). The union can be in the frontal, transverse, or sagittal plane. The 2 main categories are symmetrical or equal conjoined twins (ie, 2 well-developed babies) and asymmetrical or unequal conjoined twins (ie, a small part of the body is duplicated, or an incomplete twin is attached to a fully developed twin). In broad terms, conjoined twins may be regarded as a doubling anomaly. The later the incomplete embryologic separation occurs, the higher the likelihood of a complicated fusion.
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